A useful technique that I have recently discovered for improving my portrait photos (and others) is the use of “levels” to adjust the blackness or whiteness of the background.
The software that I use to manipulate my photos is Corel Paint Shop Pro XI. This technique can also be used in Photoshop (which I’d love to have but is too expensive - any donations welcome), and I guess (although I don’t know) Photoshop Elements.
Here is an example. This shot was taken in my home studio (a black cloth draped over a door):
It may be difficult to see, depending on your monitor contrast/brightness, but the black background is not completely black. You can see that the cloth is not completely flat. Sometimes I find that it is easier to see flaws in a photograph if you look at the negative:
(In Paint Shop Pro go to “Image -> Negative image” to see the negative image).
Back on the positive image, select “Adjust -> Brightness and contrast -> Levels…” and the following box will appear:
At the bottom you will see a histogram showing the distribution of the dark and light tones in the image. The peak at the left hand end is where most of dark parts of the image are. For the background to be truly black you would expect that peak to be as far left as it could be. But it isn’t in this case.
Drag the black diamond under the histogram to the right until it is in the peak. This will darken the who image and make everything to the left of the diamond black. So that the rest of the image is not also too dark, drag the middle diamond until its value is about 128. This will lighten other parts of the image. click OK when done.
The final image looks like this:
As you can see, the background is now a nice even black.
This same techinique can be used for white backgrounds - just work from the other end of the histogram.